Dmitri Mendeleev organized the periodic table in 1869, predicting properties of undiscovered elements.

J.J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897 using cathode ray experiments, a major step in atomic physics.

Damascus, Syria, has been continuously inhabited for over 11,000 years, making it one of the oldest living cities in human history.

James Clerk Maxwell formulated the classical field equations that unify electricity, magnetism, and light as electromagnetic waves.

The Great Fire of London in 1666 destroyed much of the city, starting in a bakery on Pudding Lane, reshaping urban planning.