Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves, helping scientists understand Earth’s interior and predict seismic risks.

Nitrogen makes up about 78% of Earth’s atmosphere, followed by oxygen, playing a crucial role in life and atmospheric stability.

Johannes Kepler established his laws (1609–19) describing elliptical orbits and planetary motion around the Sun.

The 1929 crash triggered the Great Depression, causing widespread unemployment, poverty, and global economic collapse.

Nitrogen fixation—by bacteria or lightning—converts atmospheric N₂ into biologically usable ammonia or nitrates.

Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896, later studied by the Curies and vital for nuclear science.

Kantian ethics emphasizes duty and moral laws derived from reason, proposing actions are right if based on universal principles.

Winston Churchill used “Iron Curtain” in 1946 to describe the political and ideological divide between Soviet-controlled East and West.

The Magna Carta, signed in 1215, limited the power of the English king and laid foundations for constitutional law.

Nicolaus Copernicus published *De Revolutionibus* (1543), proposing the Sun, not Earth, as the universe’s center.