The Yangtze River, stretching about 6,300 km, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world after Nile and Amazon.

Orville and Wilbur Wright achieved the first powered flight on December 17, 1903, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

The Great Depression began with the US stock market crash of 1929, leading to global economic hardship throughout the 1930s.

Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe (1519–1522); although he died en route, the voyage completed the circuit.

Rousseau’s 1762 work *The Social Contract* argued for collective governance where sovereignty belongs to the people, shaping democracy.

Paris is the capital city of France.

UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, founded in 1945 to promote peace through knowledge.

The Dead Sea Scrolls, found in caves near Qumran in Israel (1947), include ancient Jewish texts vital to biblical scholarship.

The Maastricht Treaty (1992) created the European Union, creating new institutions and setting paths to monetary union.

Brahmagupta (7th century) formalized the rules for zero and negative numbers, laying the foundation of modern mathematics.