The Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) was a series of conflicts between England and France over territorial and dynastic claims.

The Maya thrived in Central America, particularly Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras, known for their calendar, writing, and cities.

Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin in 1921, revolutionizing treatment of diabetes and saving millions of lives.

The Yangtze River, stretching about 6,300 km, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world after Nile and Amazon.

Alexander Fleming observed mold inhibiting bacterial growth, leading to the discovery of penicillin, revolutionizing antibiotic treatment.

Plato’s *Republic* explored justice, governance, and the ideal state, introducing the idea of philosopher-kings.

Sputnik 1, launched by the USSR in 1957, was the first artificial satellite, marking the start of the space race.

Topology studies spatial properties preserved through stretching or bending, without tearing or gluing, influencing modern physics.

Adam Smith’s *Wealth of Nations* laid the foundation of classical economics, advocating free markets and division of labor.

Silver has the highest electrical conductivity of all elements, making it ideal for electronics, though copper is more widely used.