Johannes Kepler established his laws (1609–19) describing elliptical orbits and planetary motion around the Sun.

The Gupta Empire (4th–6th century CE) is called the “Golden Age of India” due to its advancements in science, art, and literature.

Alfred Wegener proposed continental drift in 1912, suggesting continents once formed a supercontinent Pangaea, later separating.

Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe (1519–1522); although he died en route, the voyage completed the circuit.

Immanuel Kant’s *Critique of Practical Reason* (1788) focused on ethics, freedom, and the role of moral law.

Amelia Earhart completed her solo flight across the Atlantic in 1932, becoming a symbol of aviation and women’s achievement.

The pancreas contains beta cells that synthesize and release insulin, regulating blood glucose levels.

J.J. Thomson discovered the electron using cathode ray experiments in 1897, earning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906.

The Great Fire of London in 1666 destroyed much of the city, starting in a bakery on Pudding Lane, reshaping urban planning.

Paris is the capital city of France.