Russia is the largest country by land area, spanning Eastern Europe and northern Asia across eleven time zones.

Plato’s *Republic* explored justice, governance, and the ideal state, introducing the idea of philosopher-kings.

Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe (1519–1522); although he died en route, the voyage completed the circuit.

The Rosetta Stone contained inscriptions in three scripts, allowing scholars to unlock Egyptian hieroglyphs for the first time.

Kantian ethics emphasizes duty and moral laws derived from reason, proposing actions are right if based on universal principles.

The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, establishing binding commitments for industrialized nations.

The Epic of Gilgamesh is a Mesopotamian poem from Sumer, considered the world’s earliest surviving literary masterpiece.

Magna Carta established legal limits on King John of England, becoming a foundation for constitutional law and parliamentary rule.

Guru Nanak (1469–1539) founded Sikhism in Punjab, teaching devotion to one God, equality, and social justice.

The Great Depression began with the US stock market crash of 1929, leading to global economic hardship throughout the 1930s.