The Bastille’s fall in 1789 marked the start of the French Revolution, symbolizing the people’s fight against tyranny.

The Bosphorus connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, dividing Europe and Asia and serving as a strategic waterway.

Nitrogen makes up about 78% of Earth’s atmosphere, followed by oxygen, playing a crucial role in life and atmospheric stability.

The Balfour Declaration by Britain expressed support for a national home for Jews in Palestine, shaping Middle Eastern geopolitics.

J.J. Thomson discovered the electron using cathode ray experiments in 1897, earning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906.

Herbert Spencer used “survival of the fittest” to describe natural selection, later associated with Darwin’s theory of evolution.

Alexander Fleming observed mold inhibiting bacterial growth, leading to the discovery of penicillin, revolutionizing antibiotic treatment.

The Panama Canal, opened in 1914, links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, greatly reducing shipping time between east and west.

The Ming dynasty expanded and fortified the Great Wall between the 14th–17th centuries, much of which still stands today.

Alfred Wegener proposed continental drift in 1912, suggesting continents once formed a supercontinent Pangaea, later separating.