Amelia Earhart completed her solo flight across the Atlantic in 1932, becoming a symbol of aviation and women’s achievement.

The Library of Alexandria was founded in the 3rd century BCE under the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, becoming a hub of ancient learning.

Ole Rømer, a Danish astronomer, calculated light’s finite speed by observing Jupiter’s moon Io, a breakthrough in physics.

Sputnik 1, launched in 1957 by the USSR, was the first artificial satellite, beginning the space race.

Friedrich Nietzsche wrote “God is dead” in *The Gay Science* (1882), reflecting on decline of religion in modern society.

The Maya thrived in Central America, particularly Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras, known for their calendar, writing, and cities.

Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe (1519–1522); although he died en route, the voyage completed the circuit.

The Treaty of Tordesillas split new overseas territories between Spain and Portugal, mediated by the Pope to avoid conflict.

The Great Depression began with the US stock market crash of 1929, leading to global economic hardship throughout the 1930s.

Adam Smith’s *Wealth of Nations* laid the foundation of classical economics, advocating free markets and division of labor.