J.J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897 using cathode ray experiments, a major step in atomic physics.

Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin in 1921, revolutionizing treatment of diabetes and saving millions of lives.

Rousseau’s 1762 work *The Social Contract* argued for collective governance where sovereignty belongs to the people, shaping democracy.

Immanuel Kant’s *Critique of Practical Reason* (1788) focused on ethics, freedom, and the role of moral law.

Jupiter is the largest planet, a gas giant with strong magnetic fields and dozens of moons, dominating the outer Solar System.

The Mayan Long Count calendar ended a cycle in December 2012, which led to widespread doomsday speculations.

Plato’s *Republic* explored justice, governance, and the ideal state, introducing the idea of philosopher-kings.

The Great Depression began with the US stock market crash of 1929, leading to global economic hardship throughout the 1930s.

Lead's chemical symbol is Pb, from its Latin name 'plumbum,' reflecting historic use in pipes and construction.

The Berlin Wall was erected in 1961 by East Germany to prevent emigration, becoming a symbol of Cold War division until 1989.