Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated at Waterloo by the Duke of Wellington and Prussian forces, ending his rule and the Napoleonic Wars.

Damascus, Syria, has been continuously inhabited for over 11,000 years, making it one of the oldest living cities in human history.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterial agent of tuberculosis, a contagious respiratory disease affecting millions worldwide.

South Korea uses the Won (KRW), distinct from Japan’s Yen and China’s Yuan, reflecting its independent economic identity.

Herbert Spencer used “survival of the fittest” to describe natural selection, later associated with Darwin’s theory of evolution.

The Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) was a series of conflicts between England and France over territorial and dynastic claims.

The Great Barrier Reef, the world’s largest coral reef system, lies off Australia’s coast, stretching over 2,300 kilometers.

Ole Rømer, a Danish astronomer, calculated light’s finite speed by observing Jupiter’s moon Io, a breakthrough in physics.

Montesquieu in *The Spirit of Laws* (1748) emphasized separation of powers, inspiring modern democratic constitutions like the US.

Carl Jung proposed the collective unconscious, a part of the unconscious mind shared by humanity, containing archetypes and symbols.