Computer Science One Liner Part 2

This article consists of a computer science one-liner part 2 for Basic topics of computer Fundamentals, some popular apps, and famous abbreviations.

Forms of Application Software

•  Packaged Software
•  Custom Software
•  Shareware
•  Freeware
•  Public Domain Software
• Web Applications

Productivity Software

Productivity Software helps the user to work more effectively and efficiently to perform various tasks at home, school, and business, etc. productivity software includes word processors, spreadsheets, databases, project management, and personal information management etc.

Word Productivity Software

Examples

• Microsoft Word
•  I Work Pages
•  Libre Office Writer

Spreadsheet Software

A spreadsheet is a widely used application software for calculations.

Examples

• Microsoft Excel
• I Work Numbers
•  Google Docs spreadsheets
•  Libre Office Cale

Presentation Software

Presentation Software is a type of application software that uses graphics, animation, sound and data or information to make a visual presentation.

Examples

• MS PowerPoint
• I work keynote
• Google Docs Presentation
• Libre Office Impress

Database Software

A database is a collection of organized data. Database Software is an application software that is used to create, access, and manage a database.

Examples

•  MS Access
•  File Maker Pro
•  Libre Office Base
•  Oracle
•  My SQL

Project Management Software

Project Management Software is used for planning large projects, scheduling project tasks, and tracking project costs.

Examples:

• MS Project
• Basecamp

PIM→ Personal Information Manager

Software Suite

A set of application software available as a single package is called a software suite. Example of Software Suites:

• Google Docs
• I work
• Libre Office
• MS Office
• MS Office 365
• Zoho Office Suite

Accounting Software

Accounting Software is an application software that records and processes accounting transactions.

Examples:

• Quick Books
• Sage Peachtree

Graphic and Multimedia Software

Graphics Software is used to create, manipulate, and print graphics. It is also known as digital imaging software.

Examples of Multimedia Software

•  CAD → Computer-Aided Design uses 3D Graphics
•  Engineers, Architects, and Graphic artists use graphic and multimedia software.

Example

•  CAD

Desktop Publishing (DTP)

Paint Software

Paint Software is used to create and modify graphic images.

Examples

•  MS Paint
•  Illustrator

Photo Editing Software

Photo editing software is used to modify the existing image.

Examples

• Adobe Photoshop
•  Apple iphoto
•  MS Office Picture Manager

Drawing Software

Drawing software provides a set of lines, shapes, and colors to create diagrams logos, etc.

Examples

•  Coral Draw
• Adobe Illustrator
•  Auto Desk
•  Sketch Book

Video and Audio Editing Software

Video editing software is used to modify video clips. Audio editing software is used to edit audio clips.

Examples

•  Premiere Pro
•  Audition
•  Sound booth

Educational Software

CBT → Computer Based Training

CAI → Computer-Assisted Instruction

CBL → Computer Based Learning

CAL → Computer Aided Learning

Email

Email stands for electronic mail first email was sent in 1971. Ray Tomlinson.

Gmail

Gmail stands for Google web email service. it was launched in the year 2004. Paul BGuchheit is the founder of Gmail.

FTP

FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is used on the Internet for sending files from one place to another.

Example:

•  Cute FTP
•  WS-FTP

IRC→ Internet Relay Chat

System Unit

The motherboard is also called a system board or main board. CPU→ Central Processing Unit located on the motherboard. CPU consists of two main units arithonic 8 logical unit and control unit.

(1). ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)

(i). Arithmetic Unit

The Arithmetic Unit of ALU performs basic arithmetic functions such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

(ii). Logic Unit

Logic Units perform logical operations like comparing two data items to find which data item is greater than, equal to, or less than the other.

(2). Control Unit

The Control Unit is an important component of the CPU. It acts like a supervisor of the computer.

Machine Cycle

CPU uses the machine cycle to process each instruction. Their Four:

(i). Fetch (ii). Decode (iii). Execute (iv). Storing

System Clock

A system clock is an electronic component. It generates electric signals at a fast speed.

MIPS → Millions of instructions per second.

FLOPS → Floating point operations per second.

Types of processors

CISC → Complex instruction set computing.

RISC → Reduced instruction set computing

Registers

A register is a small high-speed memory inside the CPU. The CPU contains a number of registers. Registers are used to store information being processed. These are temporary storage areas for instructions or data. The temporary results during processing are also stored in registers. Each register has a predefined function. The size of the registers is in bytes. Each byte can store one character of data. A register can be 1, 24, or 8 bytes.

Different Registers:

1) Memory Address Register (MAR)

2) Memory buffer Register (MBR)

3) Program Counter (PC)

4) Instruction Register (IR)

Parallel Processing

A method that uses multiple processors or multi-core processors to speed up processing is called parallel processing.

→ Single Instruction/Multiple Data (SIMD)

→ Multiple Instruction/Multiple Data (MIMD)

1. BCD Code

BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal. It is a 4-bit code.

1. EBCDIC Code

EBCDIC stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. It is an 8-bit code.

iii. ASCII

ASCII stands for American standard code for information interchange. It is published in 1968 by ANSI.

1. Unicode

Unicode is a 16-bit code.

Memory

Memory is an area of a computer that stores data and instructions to be accessed by the processor as well as the results of processing.

Structure of Main Memory

The main memory of a computer consists of thousands or millions of cells of storage locations. Each cell can store a bit one bit can represent 0 or 1. Bit stands for Binary Digit. The memory cells are logically organized into groups of 8 bits known as bytes.

Types of Memory

1) Volatile Memory

Volatile memory loses its contents when the computer is turned off. RAM is the most common type of volatile memory.

2) Non-volatile Memory

It does not lose its contents when the computer is turned off. ROM, Flash memory, and CMOS are examples of non-volatile memory.

RAM

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is also known as direct access memory. Random Access means that it allows direct access to each individual byte in the entire memory. RAM is a volatile memory. People also refer to RAM as main memory or primary storage.

(i) DRAM → Dynamic Random Access Memory

(ii) DRAM → Dynamic Random Access Memory

(iii) DRAM → Dynamic Random Access Memory

ROM

ROM stands for Read Only Memory

→ BIOS→ Basic Input / Output System. ROM contains a small set of instructions called ROM BIOS.

(i) PROM → Programmable Read-Only Memory

(ii) EPROM → Erasable Programmable Read Only

(iii)EEPROM→ Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.

Cache Memory

A cache is a small and very fast memory. Cache is designed to speed up the transfer of data and instructions. It is located close to the CPU Chip. It is faster than RAM. The data and instructions that are most recently and most frequently used by the CPU are stored in the cache.

Flash Memory

Flash Memory consists of non-volatile memory chips. Most computers use it to store startup instructions as it allows computer to update its constants easily. BIOS is stored in flash memory.

CMOS

CMOS stands for complementing metal-oxide semiconductor. It stores the configuration information of the computer.

Memory Access Time

The amount of time required by a processor to read data, instructions, and information

from memory is called access time.

(i) Millisecond → It is one-thousandth of a second. It is denoted by MS.

(ii) Microsecond → It is one-millionth of a second. It is denoted by the US.

(iii) Nanosecond → It is one billionth of a second. It is denoted by NS.

(iv) Picosecond → It is one trillionth of a second. It is denoted by PS.

(v) Megahertz → It can be converted into nanoseconds by dividing it into 1 billion. It is devoted to MHZ.

DVI → Digital Video interface

HDMI→ High Definition Media Interface

NIC → Network Interface Card

Port

A port is an interface or connection point through which peripheral devices connect to the computer.

Types of ports

1) Serial Ports

A type of interface that transmits one bit at a time is called a serial port.

2) Parallel Ports

A type of interface that transmits many bits at a time is called a parallel port.

3) USB Ports

USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. USB is the most common type of port to connect devices to a computer.

4) HDMI Ports

HDMI stands for High Definition Multimedia Interface.

5) eSATA Port

eSATA stands for external Serial Advanced Technology Attachment.

Other Parts

MIDI → Musical Instrument Digital Interface.

SCSI → Small Computer System Interface

IrDA → Infrared Data Association

Bus

The devices are connected together by a communications channel called a bus. A bus consists of a set of communication lines to move a large amount of bits in the form of electrical pulses from one unit to another.

PCI → Peripheral Component Interconnect

AGP → Accelerated Graphics Port

ISA → Industry Standard Architecture.

PSU → Power Supply Unit

Input Devices

(1). Keyboard

 1. Numeric Keypad

The numeric Keypad is located on the right-hand side of most keyboards. It has arithmetic operators keys +,-,÷,*,/ and digits from 0-9 it also has Num Lock.

2. Function Keys

Function Keys are from F1 to F12.

3. Alphanumeric Keys

Keys from (A to Z) and digits from (0–9).

1. Tab Key

Tab Key is used to move the cursor to the next tab stop.

2. Modifier Keys

These are used to modify the input of other keys.

Ctrl Key

ALT Key

Shift Key

3. Cursor Control Keys

(i) Home

(ii) End

(iii)Arrows

(iv) Page-Up

(v) Page Down

4. Special Purpose Keys

(i) Esc

(ii) Delete

(iii)Insert

(iv) Print

(v) Scroll Lock

(2). Mouse (Pointing Device)

(3). Trackball (Pointing Device)

(4). Pen Input

(5). Touch Screen

(6). Toy Stick (Pointing Device)

Consists of a base and a stick

(7). Digital Camera

DSLR→ Digital Single Lens Reflex

(8). Web Cams

(9). Optical Scanner

(10). Barcode Readers

(11). Optical Readers

OCR → Optical Character Recognition

OMR → Optical Mark Recognition

MICR → Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

RFID → Radio Frequency Identification

Output

The data that has been processed into useful information is called output. The output can be in two forms:

Soft Copy Output Hard Copy Output

The output shown on the display screen is called a soft copy. Soft copy output is not tangible. It means that it cannot be touched.

The output printed on paper is called a hard copy. The common devices to produce hard copy output are printers and plotters.

Output Devices

(1). Monitor

CRT → Cathode Ray Tube

LCD → Liquid Crystal Display

LED → Light Emitting Diode

OLED → Organic Light Emitting Diode

HDTV → High-Definition Television

(2). Printer

Impact Printer

(i) Dot Matrix Printer (CPS)

(ii) Line Printer (LPM)

(iii)Daisy Wheel Printer

Non-Impact Printer

(i) Laser Printer (PPM) LASER→ Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

(ii) Inkjet Printer

(iii)Thermal Printer

(3). Plotter

(4). Speakers

(5). Headphones, Headsets, Earbuds

ATM→ Automated Teller Machine

Storage Devices

Storage:

A Storage is used to store data, information, and programs permanently. It is also known as secondary storage auxiliary storage or mass storage.

Storage is required for the following reasons:

The main memory is a temporary memory. The storage is required to store data and programs permanently.

 The capacity of the main memory is limited. The storage is required to store a large amount of data and programs.

Basic Units of Data Storage

I. Bit

A computer works with binary digits. These digits are in the form of 0 and 1. It is the

smallest unit of data storage.

ii. Byte

A collection of 8 bits is called byte. It is used to store a single character.

iii. Kilobyte

A Kilobyte consists of 1024 bytes (210 bytes) it is denoted by KB.

iv. Megabyte

A Megabyte consists of 1024 KB (220 bytes). It is denoted by MB.

v. Gigabyte

A Gigabyte consists of 1024 MB (230 bytes). It is denoted by GB.

vi. Terabyte

A Terabyte consists of 1024 GB (240 bytes). It is denoted by TB.

vii. Petabyte

A Petabyte consists of 1024 TB (250 bytes). It is denoted by PB.

viii. Exabyte

An Exabyte consists of 1024 PB (260 bytes). It is denoted by EB.

ix. Zettabyte

A Zettabyte consists of 1024 EB (270 bytes). It is denoted by ZB.

x. Yottabyte

A Yottabyte consists of 1024 ZB (280 bytes). It is denoted by YB.

Magnetic Disk

Magnetic disks use magnetic material to store data, instructions, and information on a disk surface. The data on magnetic disks is stored in tracks and sectors. Tracks form circles on the surface of a magnetic disk. Each track on a disk is divided into sectors. Each sector typically stores up to 512 bytes of data. Hard Disk is the most widely used magnetic disk.

Hard Disk

A hard disk is the primary storage device in a computer to store the programs and data permanently. It is also known as a hard disk drive (HDD) or hard drive (HD).

RPM → Resolution per minute

Optical Disk

An optical disk is a form of removable storage.

CD

CD stands for Compact Disk.

Types of CDs:

I. CD–ROM

CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk read-only memory. The data on CD-ROM can be read. It cannot be deleted or charged. It can store up to 700 MB of data.

ii. CD–R

Compact Disk Recordable. CD–R is also known as WORM (Write Once Read Many)

iii. CD–RW

Compact Disk Recordable

iv. DVD

DVD stands for Digital Video Disc-17GB Storage.

i. DVD-ROM

DVD-ROM stands for Digital Video Disc Read Only Memory.

ii. DVD-R

DVD-R stands for Digital Video Disc Recordable.

iii. DVD-RW

DVD-RW stands for Digital Video Disc Rewritable.

iv. Blue-Ray Disc

Blue Ray Disk is a new and more expensive DVD format it can store up to 100GB of data.

v. SSD → Solid State Drives

Memory Cards

Types:

(i) Compact Flash (CF)

(ii) Secure Digital High Capacity (SDHC)

(iii)Security Digital Extended Capacity (SDXC)

 

Cloud Storage

Cloud storage is a service for computer and mobile device users to store data online.

(i) One Drive

(ii) Dropbox

(iii)Google Drive

 

Enterprise Storage

Techniques:

RAID → Redundant Array of Independent Disks.

NAS → Network Attached Storage.

SAN → Storage Area Network

Disk Controllers

A disk controller consists of a chip and electronic circuits.

Types:

EIDE → Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics

SCSI → Small Computer System Interface

SAS → Serial Attached SCSI

SATA → Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

File System

A file system is the underlying structure used by the computer to organize data on a hard disk or partition.

• FAT → File Allocation Table
• NTFS → New Technology File System
• CDFS → Compact Disk File System
• ACL → Access control List
• MBR → Master Boot Record

OPERATING SYSTEM

Software

A set of instructions given to the computer to solve a problem is called software.

Types of Software

1. System Software
2. Application Software

Types of System Software

System Software

System software is a set of programs to control and manage the actual operations of computer hardware.

(1). Operating System

An operating system is a set of programs that manages all computer components and operations.

• MS Windows
• Linux
• Unix
• Sun Solaris
• MacOS
• Chrome OS

Open Source Closed Source

Open-source operating system refers to computer software whose source is open means the general public can access and use it.

Example: Linux

Closed Source Closed Source

Example: Microsoft Windows, UNIX, Mac OS

(2). Utility Programs

A Utility program is a type of system software that is used for effective management of computer systems.

• Antivirus Software
• File Compression

Application Software

Examples:

•  MS Word
•  MS Excel
•  MS Access and Oracle
•  Graphics Software Such as Corel Draw and Adobe Photoshop.

Operating System

•  Windows
•  Linus
•  UNIX
•  Sun Solaris
•  Mac OS

Multiuser Operating System

A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to use the same computer at the same time.

Example:

•  Linux
•  UNIX
•  Windows Server 2008

Multiprocessor Operating System

Example:

•  Linux
•  UNIX
•  Windows Server 2008

Multitasking Operating System

Example:

• UNIX
•  Windows Server 2008

Multithreading Operating System

Example:

•  Linux
•  UNIX
•  Windows

Time Shorting Operating System

Time sharing system allows many users to share the computer simultaneously.

Functions of Operating System

(1). Booting

Booting is a process of starting or restarting the computer operating system sports the computer works.

Two types of Booting

(i) Cold Boot

(ii) Worm Boot

1). Cold Boot

2). Warm Boot

(2). Memory Management

(3). Job Scheduling

(4). Device Controlling

(5). Accessing the Web

(6). Monitoring Performance

(7). Housekeeping Services

(8). Controlling Network

(9). Administrating Security

(10). Providing User Interface

(i) Command Line

(ii) Menu driver

(iii)Graphical User Interface

Types of operating system

(i) Stand-alone Operating System

(ii) Server Operating System

(iii) Mobile Operating System

Stand-alone Operating System

Examples:

(i) Disk Operating System (DOS)

(ii) Windows

(iii) Unix

(iv) Linux

(v) Mac OS

(vi) Chrome OS

(1). DOS

DOS stands for Disk Operating System. Microsoft developed it in the early 1980s for personal computers. It is a single-user operating system. A single-user operating system is a type of operating system that allows only one user to work at a time. Some important commands of DOS:

DIR: It is used to display all files and sub-directories of the current directory.

MD: It is used to clear the screen.

CD: It is used to change the directory.

(2). Windows

Windows is the most widely used operating system developed by Microsoft. It uses a graphical user interface (GUI). Some important versions of a window:

• Windows 8 • Windows 7
• Windows Vista • Windows XP

Windows 8.1 was released in 2013.

(3). Mac OS

Mac OS is a product of Apple. It became the first commercially available operating system with a graphical user interface. It was released with Mac in Tosh computers in 1984.

Examples:

• Mac OS Mavericks (2013) • i Mac
• Mac book Pro • Mac Book Air

(4). UNIX

UNIX is a multitasking operating system. Bell Laboratories developed it in the 1970s. Some versions of UNIX have a Compound-Line interface but most versions provide a graphical user interface.

(5). Linux

Linux is a free and multitasking operating system. They developed it in 1991. It is an open-source operating system. It means that the code is available to the public.

Versions:

• Red Hat • Caldera

(6). Chrome OS

Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system. Google designed it to primarily work with web applications.

Server Operating System

Examples:

•  Windows Server 2012
•  OS X Server
•  UNIX
•  Linux
•  Solaris
• Net ware

Mobile Operating System

Examples:

•  Android
•  IOS
•  Windows Phone
•  BlackBerry
•  Firefox OS

Embedded Operating System

An embedded computer typically uses an embedded operating system. The term “Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)” also calls it. The devices such as ATM machines, GPS, video game consoles, digital video recorders, HDTV receivers, ticket machines, etc. are examples of real-time operating systems or embedded operating systems.

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