Paris is the capital city of France.

The Pauli Exclusion Principle states no two fermions (like electrons) can occupy the same quantum state, critical for atomic structure.

James Clerk Maxwell formulated the classical field equations that unify electricity, magnetism, and light as electromagnetic waves.

Mitochondria generate energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration, hence called the cell’s powerhouse.

The Opium Wars (1839–42, 1856–60) were conflicts between China and Britain over opium trade, leading to unequal treaties.

The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest federal court, with final authority on constitutional and federal law interpretation.

Constantinople was renamed Istanbul officially in 1930 after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey under Atatürk.

Winston Churchill used “Iron Curtain” in 1946 to describe the political and ideological divide between Soviet-controlled East and West.

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests language influences thought and worldview, highlighting the relativity between culture and speech.

The Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) was a series of conflicts between England and France over territorial and dynastic claims.