Sputnik 1, launched by the USSR in 1957, was the first artificial satellite, marking the start of the space race.

Johannes Kepler established his laws (1609–19) describing elliptical orbits and planetary motion around the Sun.

Sputnik 1, launched in 1957 by the USSR, was the first artificial satellite, beginning the space race.

Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus and pioneered nuclear physics, earning the title “father of nuclear physics.”

Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796, using cowpox material, revolutionizing medicine and disease prevention.

The fire of 1666 devastated London, destroying much of the medieval city but leading to improved urban planning.

The Big Bang theory describes the origin of the universe 13.8 billion years ago as a rapid expansion from a singularity.

The Gupta Empire (4th–6th century CE) in India saw great achievements in science, art, literature, and mathematics.

The Yangtze River, stretching about 6,300 km, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world after Nile and Amazon.

The Code of Hammurabi, Babylonian king’s laws from 1754 BCE, is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length.