Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated at Waterloo by the Duke of Wellington and Prussian forces, ending his rule and the Napoleonic Wars.

Bertha von Suttner received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905 for her peace activism and pioneering influence on the peace movement.

Nicolaus Copernicus published *De Revolutionibus* (1543), proposing the Sun, not Earth, as the universe’s center.

Nitrogen fixation—by bacteria or lightning—converts atmospheric N₂ into biologically usable ammonia or nitrates.

Orville and Wilbur Wright achieved the first powered flight on December 17, 1903, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.